Environment the study

Environment is not a single subject; it is an integration of several subjects that include both science and social studies. To understand all the different aspects of our environment, we need to understand biology, chemistry, physics, geography, resources management, economics, and population issues. Thus, the scope of environmental studies extremely wide and covers some aspects of nearly every major discipline.

We live in a world where natural resources are limited. Water, air, soil,

Minerals, oils, and the products we get from forests, grasslands, oceans and from agriculture and live stock, are all a part of our life support systems. Without them, life itself would be impossible. If we use them more and more, the earth’s resources must inevitably shrink.

The earth cannot be expected to sustain indefinitely due to over utilization of resources, misuse of resources. We waste or pollute large amount of clean water. We discard plastic, solid wastes and liquid wastes from industries which cannot be managed by natural processes. These accumulate in our environment, leading to a variety of diseases and other adverse environmental impacts, now seriously affecting all our lives. Air pollution leads to respiratory diseases, water pollution to gastro – intestinal diseases and many pollutants are known to cause cancer.

This situation will only improve if each of us begins to take action in our daily lives that will help to preserve our environmental resources. We cannot expect Government alone to manage the safeguarding of the environment, nor can we expect other people to prevent environmental damage. We need to do it ourselves. It is a responsibility that each of us must take on as one’s own.

The scope of environmental studies is that, the current trend of environmental degradation can be reversed if people of educated communities are organized and empowered; experts are involved in sustainable development. Environmental factors greatly influence every organism and their activities. The major areas in which the role of environmental scientists is of vital importance are natural resources, ecosystems, biodiversity and its conservation, environmental pollution, social issues and environment human population and environment.

It is essentially a multidisciplinary approach and its components include

Biology, Geology, Chemistry, Physics, Engineering, Sociology, Health Sciences, Anthropology, Economics, Statistics and Philosophy It is essentially a multidisciplinary approach. An Understanding of the working of the environment requires the knowledge from wide ranging fields. The table below shows a list of topics dealt commonly in air

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pollution and the related traditional fields of knowledge, illustrating the interdisciplinary nature of the subject.

Because, the environment is complex and actually made up of many different environments, including natural, constructed and cultural environments, environmental studies is the inter disciplinary examination of how biology, geology, politics policy studies, law, geology, religion engineering, chemistry and economics combine to inform the consideration of humanity’s effects on the natural world. This subject educates the students to appreciate the complexity of environmental issues and citizens and experts in many fields. By studying environmental science, students may develop a breadth of the interdisciplinary and methodological knowledge in the environmental fields that enables them to facilitate the definition and solution of environmental problems.

Information and Communication Technologies in Human Life

Historically, the industrial revolution in the second half of the twentieth century spearheaded the transformation towards a technologically advanced society. Development of such a society needed unrestricted access to information, the most valuable resource and commodity. Creation, organization and access to information became the most important activity of nations who were eager to prosper. The research in the field of Information and Communication Technologies or ICTs resulted in the development of more products and services in all spheres of human life. The impact is more evident in service oriented sectors such as health, banking, education, transportation and libraries.

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Let us primarily understand the two rather interchangeably used concepts, Information Technology (IT) and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by studying two definitions. The first broader definition is by UNESCO whereas the second one, Library and information Science oriented towards Library and Information Science, is by the American Library Association (ALA).
UNESCO defines Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as “the hardware and software that enable society to create, consolidate and communicate information in multimedia formats and for various purposes''. It means, ICTs include both networks (fixed, wireless, satellite and broadcasting) and applications (internet, database management systems and multimedia tools).
The American Library Association (1983) defines Information Technology (IT) as “the application of computers and other technologies to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. The computers are used to process and store data, while telecommunications technology provides information communication tools, which make it possible for users to access databases and link them to other computer networks at different locations.”
The impact of the ICT's on libraries and information centers is most felt by two basic fields. These are:
i. Management of information resources (library housekeeping operations), and
ii. Delivery of library and information services.
The execution of library housekeeping operations such as acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serials control, etc. are now enabled by or based on a number of information and communication technologies. The most important one is the Integrated Library Management System (ILM's). Modern libraries now function in a completely networked and automated environment where every operation is done with the help of one or many of information or communication based tools or technologies.
When we think about the delivery of library and information services, it is nearly impossible to carry them out without the help of ICTs. Internet has become the most visible and dependable information gatherer and discriminator for a researcher as well as a layman. A user can now access information at any given time from any corner of the globe with the help of a number of devices and technologies. More and more libraries are

redesigning their traditional services and devising new or innovative strategies to live up to the expectations of the users. Incorporation of new ICT based user services helps them to realize these efforts.

How can we overcome from ‘Dangers of Adobe Flash Player’

Discover the Truth :- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QHt4VrTzK4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQbKWhJCVUc

Adobe Flash Player is very common software to view videos and animations. Many of vendors like to use older version of the software without knowing the danger and hazards of it. There are plug in link to watch videos online and need Adobe Flash Player to do so. I would suggest think twice before clicking on plug in link. But why it said? Because of the viruses and hackers which come through such plug in. Your computer may work differently when it occurs. Anti-virus that you think is enough to overcome this insecurity is not enough and those hackers are not easy to dictate.

Today, Adobe flash Player is very much known for its vulnerabilities. Many of users are not aware of this type of dangers. A large number of vendors are ignoring such situations. Actually, they are unaware of the case. The unknown vulnerabilities can damage you browsers or computer easily. Even your latest quality Anti-virus only comes second best in this situation.

The dangers had already dictated by big developers. Giants like Google and Apple already taken necessary steps in order to protect themselves. They had blocked Adobe Flash Player as a plug in; instead of that, they are using their own software. Mozilla Firefox also taken secures steps and blocked the plug in to avoid problems that would occur on the pages. An updated latest version of Adobe Flash Player can end up this blocking. On the other side, top browsers such as Google Chrome, Opera and Safari allow older version of Adobe Flash Player. Regular update of the software always gives more security to the vendors.

Vulnerabilities are not issue for vendors only, it worries developers too. Computer developers like of Microsoft and Macintosh well aware of such problems. The fact is they dictated the vulnerabilities of older version of Abode Flash Player (16.0.0 296). Experts of Microsoft Company dictated the unknown vulnerabilities. Means, the vendors who are using this version are under threat of hackers. Experts launched an updated version of flash player to secure their users.

In 2015, the attacks came on the month of January. It went worse as the hackers targeted the online advertisements. The situation called as Zero- Day vulnerabilities. There are not less than 18 Zero-Day vulnerabilities in last two years. Three of those targeted Adobe Flash Player.

What are Zero-day vulnerabilities? Zero-Day vulnerability is nothing but the cyber attacks by the team of hackers. Those problems cannot be resolved easily. Those are not patch or fix problems. According to experts, those are holes of security for users. The hackers are always seem to ready to exploit such holes. The dangers would come anytime without giving information to the vendors. The last zero-Day vulnerability came for Adobe flash player on July, 2015, known as CVE-2015-5123. Hackers had stolen almost 400 GB data. Experts of the company dictated that and resolved the situation.

If you get attacks of vulnerabilities, you have nothing to do but wait. You have to wait for developers’ reaction on this. They may take little time to fix those problems and updated the software. In fact, Microsoft Company fixes or patched security problems on every second Tuesday of each month. Adobe flash player is also the part of their development. So, to avoid such problems and hazards, vendors need to update their Adobe Flash Player on regular basis.             

EINSTEIN, THE GREATEST SCIENTIST ON THE EARTH EVER !

Albert Einstein is one of the greatest scientists of the world. Many have recognised he is the best. His inventions ‘General Theory of Relativity’ brought revolution in the world of Physics. His well known equation E=mc² is one of the most essential equation of modern Physics (here, E= kinetic energy, m=relativistic mass and c= speed of light). Even atom bomb had invented basis of his theory and equation. He had won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
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Birth and Education:      

This great scientist had born on 14th March, 1879, in Germany. In 1880 he along with his family went to a big city, Munich. As it known, his father was an engineer. His early education started in Munich at the age of five. His childhood school name was Luitpold Gymnasium which later named to him as Albert Einstein Gymnasium. In 1894, his family went to Italy. Einstein stayed in Munich and completed his study there. Then he went to Italy to join his family. The very next year he went to Switzerland and passed Swiss poly-technique exam. He stayed in the country and got a teaching job there.

Marriage and Jobs:

In the year of 1902 he married to Mileva Maric. The couples produced two sons. Though, his marriage did not last long. In 1919, he had married to another woman, Elsa Loverthal, who died in 1936.

In 1905, Einstein got his PhD from University of Zurich. In 1908, he joined to University of Bern as lecturer of Physics. In 1911, he got a full professor job in Austria. Later he came back to Germany. Same year he brought his famous ‘General Theory of Relativity’ in front of all.

In December, 1930, he went to U.S.A. and got many appreciations and achievements. Three years later he again went there and in 1935 he and his wife adopted citizenship of U.S.A

Passion:

Apart from Physics, he had eagerness in music. He himself liked to play violin. He said once that he would be a musician if he was not a physicist. In fact at his young age his work with violin preferable to many people.

Theory of Relativity and other work:

The man was a great scientist. His articles and inventions are remarkable. But the most famous article was ‘General Theory of Relativity’ and his equation, E=mc². This equation may be the most famous equation in history of science. It is a pillar of modern Physics.  His article was first come out in 1905. People was little doubtful about this and it took long fourteen years to accept. It was in 1919 when acceptance happened.

He wrote many articles and invented theory. Among those, Periodic Table of Element, Theory of Critical Opalescence, Energy at Zero Point, Definition of Light, Bose-Einstein Theory are mostly remarkable. He raised questions on ‘Quantum Theory’. He wrote several articles on it and said it was not up to mark. The debate against Niels Bohr remained unclosed until death. It was controversial at times and many scientists opposed Einstein in that case. But his articles on this were matter in future works.

Death:

Form the age of sixty-nine; he was in observation of treatment regularly. In 1955, case went wrong and he faced internal bleeding. But he was not agree for surgical operation and continued his industrious work in Physics. The scientist died on 18 April, 1955. The man had died but his work in science remains him alive for ever.

How Started S.I Units

How Started S.I Units:

The History:

Old Anglos Saxon Measurement process was responsible for invention of Imperial Unit process. The units were ordinary types. Units were made up on the basis of measurement system of that age. For example- hand of a human being had recognised as unit of length. The problem was length of hands varies in different persons. So, actual measurement could not be derived. There were errors all day long. Measurements were different in different hand as well as different places. In first phase of the twenty century there were two processes of measurement. One was Imperial method and other is Metric method. Imperial method was running in the British Empire. English speaking countries, including the United Sates, preferred Imperial method. Metric method belonged to France and other European countries and their associated countries, including colonies. At present the whole world follow the Metric process

Old Types of Units:

At olden days there was peculiar fashion of units. Breadth length of a thumb supposed to be one inch. Distance between starting of nose of King Edgar to end point of his middle finger (when completely stretch) was recognised as one yard. Those days one acre suggested the quantity of land could be cultivated by a pair of bulls with help of the plough. In other way, Mile oriented from the army related subject, Army of Rome, Italy. They thought one Mile measured as 1000 footsteps of a soldier that was near about of 1618 yards. Due to lots of disparity of footsteps, one standard Mile measured as 1760 yards.

Unit Systems:

The mentioned units are the father of weight measurement and responsible for invention of Imperial Unit System. At present units are not like olden days, those are calculated sharply and with accuracy. Some of them are complex in nature in arithmetic calculation but give accurate result in both occasions – bigger units and smaller units.

The units are decided after lots of judiciousness. This process is called Metric process and it first started in 1790 in France, then it covered many other countries in Europe thanks to great emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. In France a new unit of length discovered, that called ‘Meter’. A fraction of 1/10000000 of one/fourth of the middle line of the Earth measured as 1 meter. Unit of weight in ‘Metric’ system is ‘Kilogram which is equal to weight of one cubic decimetre of water. Volume of one cubic decimetre water is one ‘Litre’.

The Organisations:

At olden days there were many units of same things. So in respect to organise common units of those there were a meeting held in France. It was in 1870. That was the first ever meeting base on units. In the year of 1875 another gathering in Paris, France brought an agreement called ‘Treaty of the Meter’. According to this agreement set up an institution – ‘International Bureau of Weights and Measures’. It was decided that this organisation would meet to make new units and new definition. In 1889, a new definition had invented of ‘Meter’ and ‘Kilogram’ on basis of re-measurement of a rod made by an alloy of metals like Platinum and Iridium. The rod had been preserved in a room in Paris. Later, many suggestions and new thinking added to the institution. In 1954, ‘Weights and Measurement’ organised meeting gave approval of a new types of ‘Metric System’ which is rather easy to use in international prospectus. In 1960 this new system received a name – ‘System International De Units’ or International System of Units, in short S.I. Unit.   
 

Is there any Water in the Moon

Is there any Water in the Moon

How the Mission Started:

An Astronomer on the soil of the Moon

There are no ends of curiosity about the Moon. Out of this curiosity many Space Ships had send to the Moon from the soil of Earth. The journey had started in 1959 when Russian Space Craft, Luna 2 first landed on the Moon soil. Three years later U.S.A had sent their Spacecraft, Ranger 4 to the Moon. Before that, in 1957, Laika was the first animal sent to orbit for experimenting. It was a dog, though the mission was unsuccessful but it gives confidence to launch further space missions into the orbit to Russian Astronomers. Sputnik 1 was the name of that space flight. By the way, Yuri Gagarin of Russia was the person who went to the outer space by the Space Craft, Vostok, in 1961. Then the Americans came to the picture and send their first ever Space Craft, Pioneer 0 in 1958, but it failed. It was another cool battle between two power houses of that age. In the year of 1969, NASA planned to send three persons into the Moon by their Space Ship, Apollo 1.

The United States' Flag on the Moon

It was a great success. The Ship contained three gentlemen. Neil Armstrong was the first person who first landed on the soil of the Moon, then Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins. They had infixed the flag of the United States of America on the soil of the Moon. Then other countries also joined on that mission to find the mystery of the Moon. Americans and Russians also send more Space Ships to the Moon. Sometimes, astronomers lost their lives as the Space Ships were gone out of control. But still today human beings are crazy to go the Moon.

Chance of Water in the Moon:

After several mission to the Moon there are lots of questions whose answers is still in mystery. But the million dollars question is ‘Is there any water in the Moon?’ In the year of 1961, few scientists theoretically said about the possibility of water in the Moon. Their logic were, as the Sunlight never spread more than 1.6 degrees at the Equatorial area of the Moon, there would be some vacuoles that cannot get any Sunlight in any circumstances. Such vacuoles’ temperature must be very low, around -230 degrees Celsius or 40 Kelvin. So there would be ice that cannot be changed for years. So it remains ice for ever. Now scientists are using Neutron Spectroscopy process in find of water. Water is one of the most essential elements for life. So if there is water there has the possibility of life too.

What Research saying:

Space Craft on the Moon Soil

Neutron can be divided into groups according to their strength. Different types of Neutron react differently with other things. Scientists did the experiments that how a Neutron behaves with dry soil and wet soil of the Moon and observe that there would be water. Neutron of Prospector and Spectrometer can discover layer of ice down to half meter beneath the soil.  Scientists’ idea is that there is water in form of ice beneath the soil, down to 2 meter for millions of years. The Prospector has given search of billions metric ton ice in the Moon. There is ice at the two extreme points of the Moon. Ice is found at Southern region, at Aitken Basin as well as at Northern region. The water is in form of crystal, crystal of ice. As per scientists’ guess, there are the places in two poles with covering area of five thousand to fifty thousand square kilometres that have water, in ice form.

 

Astronomy and Telescopes

Invention of Telescope:

Great astronomer come philosopher Galileo Galilei is called ‘The Father of Modern Astronomy’. As per history, it is known that around the year 1608-9 Galileo first got the news of Netherlands’ scientist Hans Lippershey’s telescope. Galileo developed that telescope and made same type of instrument. The invented instrument could give almost thirty times closer picture of any object. He gave a name to it, ‘Refractor Telescope. This brought revolution in Optical Astronomy indeed. The instrument made by Galileo recognised the very first complete telescope in the world.  The maker of the telescope used it in many ways and invented some excellent inventions. He invented that the outer portion of the Moon is uneven.  He also saw that ‘Pleiades’ is the sum of more than forty stars. Added to that, he invented four satellites of the Jupiter and the ‘Sunspots’ (the dark spots on the Sun) in the sky.

Reflector Telescope:

In 1668, Sir Issec Newton made a new instrument and gave a name to it, ‘Reflector Telescope’. ‘Refractor Telescope’ designed to do light reflection by big optical lenses.  Other side ‘Reflector Telescope’ has contained a big curve mirror. Modern day two type of telescope are used in circumstances. Later a new instrument had invented, known as ‘Optical Telescope’. This telescope has more advantage than the past one.

Radio Astronomy:

There is a new type of Astronomy which stared in peculiar fashion. It was in 1931,  a Radio engineer Mr. Karl Jansky was working in Bell Telephone Laboratory, in U.S.A. Suddenly, he had observed an incident - there were a continues radiation from the sky. Amusingly, many great astronomers of that age never gave enough attention to this fact. Mr. Grote Reber, an unprofessional radio operator was the first who shown curiosity to this incident. He himself took initiative and started experiments on this issue. After six years of research his relentless try come to conclusion. He gave description and observation of radiation from the sky. In 1937, he had invented the first Radio Telescope. The telescope was near about 9.58 meter or 31 feet and 5 inch parabolic dish. He set up this instrument at the backside lawn of his home. In the year of 1940, he invented the first Universal Radio Map. That period a new branch included to Astronomy, the ‘Radio Astronomy’.

The Radio Astronomy resembles with the Optical Astronomy in many ways. In Radio Telescope, there is metal reflector and an antenna. This metal reflector store wireless radiation and centralised in the antenna. The antenna can be specified at any frequency.  A sensitive radio capturing instrument or radio receiver captures radiation from the antenna and records it.

Today’s  Satellite Technology:

From the early sixty’s of twentieth century onwards, the satellite based technology and its workmen took remarkable role to reveal the truth of the Astronomy. Before the satellite technology, all the research started from the soil of earth. Now thanks to the development of technology, human beings can do their research beyond the earth’s atmosphere.  Now observation on other stars and planets can be done more easily. So, now research on Astronomy is being processed in two ways- one is from the earth and other from the satellite that stay in the sky.  

How to maintain your Health

How to be Healthy:

Three works to be healthy

There has a proverb, ‘Health is wealth’. So we cannot avoid giving attention to our health. There are lots of imaginations about the health. Few people believe that if one eats food and chewing it eighteen times before swallow would be good exercise to digest food easily. Other people think taking deep breath and do proper exercise all day long is good to maintain health. So health is delicious theme for variety of opinions. But modern day science thinks differently, old days many thoughts are no more in counts. Present days’ research proves that. It is said that exercise of body is good for health but excess exercise would damage our health. Same think can be said about breathing, if you take breath in fresh air that is enough, not need to take deep breath any more.
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Food Habit:

Scientific research say good and balanced food in proper proportion is important to maintain a healthy body. The good food means mixer of all quality of food.  The other important issue is how much time we would spend in between two meals- that remains a question mark even today. Research has not got convincing answers of that. Actually the time depends on social positions of us. The eating time is different in different society and atmosphere. In other side our working time dictate our eating time. Present day people are busy in work and can get little time to eat. It is not good for health but we have compromise with it.

Sleep or Rest:

Sleep is very much an issue related to maintain good health. Sleep would vary person to person. Some people like to sleep for long eight hours other would take half of that time. Two types of people would happy in their own. Mean while proper sleep is very much in card in order to maintain healthiness. As per medical science is concern, good health is little bit depend on our DNA (De-oxy-ribo Nucleic Acid - is a basic material which contains genetic orders in all the living organisms, DNA is situated inside the nucleus in a living cell) structure which come from your parents or your relatives. Some of the researches say a balanced diet, mental balance, preferences in life, our thinking, lifestyle, our rest time and DNA structure of our genes is necessary for keep good health.

Definition of Health:

According to definition of the health, only illness free or injury free body is not a healthy body. Health means good body; right minds and happy lifestyles in social ways. The general rules of good health care are-

1.    Don’t give extra stress to your body. Just use your body with your limitation, eat balanced diet in time. Taking sufficient rest is very important.

2.    Think positively, not negatively. Good thinking is very important for good health.

3.    Don’t think about your body unnecessarily.

4.   Drinking lots of water in empty stomach is a very fine exercise. Its helps us to avoid constitutions problems.

According to WHO (World Health Organisation), - ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’ This definition remains unchanged since 1948 and known as the most famous definition of health till date.

                

Laser Ray Treatment

Laser Ray treatment, a revolution:        

What is Laser ray:

You have heard about the Laser Ray. Now, what is it? Have ever think about this? As a definition we can say – it is a ray that can go through the process of an amplification of optical on the basis of stimulating release of electro-magnetic radiation. The word LASER stands for- ‘Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation’. Laser Ray Treatment is a medical treatment that has used on basis of light. Actually laser belongs to one kind of light. It is special, because of its wave length, that’s not like the other wave lengths. The powerful beam shows its vision. Laser ray or light so powerful that used to cut diamonds or shape steel materials.

Laser Ray treatment:                                                       

Research of scientists suggests that if laser ray can be properly directed and send through the body of the human beings, then few of cells of the body can be lighted and visible. Scientists of famous Cornell University of U.S.A. had done this and executed many small but important activities of cells at different time. They had also invented the process does not damage any of cells of the body. Head of the research team had clarified the activity of cell that they observe. The fact is if laser ray falls upon an atom, the atom absorbs one or two photon particles. As a result the atom becomes brighter and visible. Then the lighted atom can be seen thorough a video screen. In medical world, laser ray has been using for many occasions. By this method a surgeon can do his work on a tiny area and can avoid damaging other tissues. This type of treatment gives lesser pain compare to normal treatment. The treatment is not cheap in any means. So if you want to deals with laser therapy you must collect information about its expenses.

The Research:

There has been an emission of a chemical substance from the cells of the head of the person. The chemical substance is known as serotonin which works as a neurotransmitter. This substance helps to send signals from neuron to parts of the body. There has the picture of that incident. If any human beings suffering in cancer, the laser ray would find the cells which are containing cancer, these cells brighten differently compare to normal cells. This type of information is very useful to find the location the tumor or neoplasm (if any), which is a mass of tissue at the time of head related operation. Not only that, the method can give us road to send applicable medicines to the effected cell. It can help to cure the patient. The process use to do the above is known as Micro photon or Microscopy. The word Microscopy oriented from Microscope.

Test on Whom:

The whole process at first tested on a rat body. Mr. Winfried Denk, the well known scientist of Bell Laboratory applied this method inside a rat’s head and he was succeeded to observe the activities of dendrite (it is a branch of neuron which comes from a Greek word). The Cornell University’s research team is responsible for invention of Microscopy. Actually Microscopy came from Micro photon and the process belongs to the university in New York, U.S.A.

Use in:

This method is very useful in medical science. It is used to destroy tumors and polyps. Stone in kidney and parts of prostate can be removed by this method. It is a good practise to repair retina, inside part of eye. The treatment helps to relieve cancer and Laser eye surgery helps to improve our vision.

History of Medical Science

History of Medical Science:

Sign of Science

Old society, like of Egyptian, Babylon, Indian and Chinese invented their own medical process. Among them Egyptians were first and superior. Almost five thousand years ago, the old people of the Egypt able to produce a whole biological science. We are not very familiar about the biology of old Babylon society. We have found only little bit about them. Same can be said about Indus society. We got lots of information about their life style but unable to find  information about their medical world. Indian society had given an idea about the medical science of that age. It has been saying the Indian biology had started its journey from the stage of Rig Veda, near about four thousand years ago. The first book on medical science was written in 450 B.C. in China. Till now the book is known as the oldest book of Medical Science.

The Practise of Egypt, China and India:

The magic and spiritual power took a big part at that time in the old society. The Egyptians were not opposites. In spite of that,  they invented lots of medicines in order to cure form varieties of diseases. The medicines were effective and the system ran for a long period. It is known that the Egyptians knew about the use of medicines that could cure pains and sedative problems.

The Chinese medical science was very old too. The first written book on medical science in China acknowledges the fact. We can find long and meaningful description of medicines in this book. There had a deep description about acupuncture which was incredible at that time. One of the processes of treatment in China had called ‘Han-Yi’. Later this process went to abroad likes of Korea, Japan and South-East Countries. There was also a little beat medical science in Indian society. Books like Rig Veda and Atharva-Veda gave a little touch of this. But later written books, like- Charaka Samhita or Sushruta Samhita is healthy in contains of biology. 

Sign of Book

Greek and Roman Treatment and Indian:

Greek and Roman process oriented from Egypt. Most of the familiar medicines in this countries influenced from the Egyptians’ inventions. But one great thing we had got from old Greek society is that the medical science became free of magic and spiritual powers by influence of them. The father of Medical science in West Europe, the great physician Mr. Hippocrates of Kos was the first person who criticised the use of magic and magical songs in medical science. He is known as the 'father of Medical science'.

After many years Arabians brought a revolution in medical science history. They had mixed Indian and Greek-Roman medical science process and the world got a developed medicine treatment. The process went to Europe. Europeans got the knowledge form Arabians. The effect of Arabians medicines in Europe was historic and long lasting. Great Arabian writer and thinker Avicenna written book ‘Qunun’ or ‘Canon’ had regarded one of the main books of medicines in Europe till seventeenth century.

The Arabian medicine policy came to in India in sixteenth century, at the time of Mughal empire. The process became popular in India as the process was resembles with Indian process in many parts. In India this traditional treatment process had called ‘Unani’. The word came from ‘Jaban’.That is a Sanskrit word, means people of Greece.

EURO 1 and EURO 2

EURO 1 and EURO 2:

The Important Summit:

Today the most important origin of air pollution is vehicles. The problem is around the world and everyone is seriously thinking about it. It was first come into the thinking in year 1999 at the United Nations’ meeting in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. The summit based on Environment and Progress in the world. The subjects were holes in Ozone layer, misuse of oil, traffic problem in cities and towns, and air pollution by vehicles. The discussion ended with two decisions. First one, the countries who are responsible for pollution have to share money for controlling pollution and second one is whole of the world would take care of the pollution. That means anyone would not wait for any types of scientific prove in respect to pollution, they would take steps at the earliest.

How the Rules came:

In the modern world, undoubtedly, the pollution is the biggest threat for us. It is said that in many countries, like Malaysia and Mexico nothing is visible from a short distance due to the smoke appeared. It was an incident in 1970, in California, Los Angeles, U.S.A, when the famous Photo Chemical calamity had brought the whole world into the stage of thinking for pollution. That incident changed the thinking of people and brought awareness about the air pollution in the society. In 1970, the U.S.A. government passed the Clean Air Act in their parliament (known as Congress). Motor making companies had also come to stop pollution. Then the turn went around the world and in few years the European countries also made act to stop pollution. Lately, Asian and African countries got the idea from them and made the necessary rules. The word EURO 1 and EURO 2 came from European countries.

What is EURO 1 and EURO 2:

What is the meaning of EURO 1 and EURO 2? These are two emission standard rules which had come from Europe. The first rule introduced in 1993 and second one in 1996. According to the rules, the substances which are responsible for pollution would be limited in vehicles’ smoke: That means if a vehicle run one kilometre, there would be a limited release of polluted substances in every time. If the vehicle releases more polluted substances, it is to be a concern that the vehicle does not obey EURO 1 rule and the punishment is applicable there. As per EURO 2 rule, the oil should be reach not only from carbonator, from other places too. The system is called Multi Joint Fuel Injection. Besides, there would be change in piston, warring and design of engine. The system is now available in the market. But, what can be done about the older vehicles? A strong act is very much in card to stop this issue.

Pollution from vehicles:

The growing world is suffering because of above situation. It is not only takes bad effect to our daily life also take part in money market. Research suggests the loss amount due to pollution in developed and developing countries is thousands of dollars. Private cars are the most polluted vehicles in the world. Then, come up names of other vehicles, like- motor cycle, scooter, auto rickshaw, bus and track. There has a wrong idea that the vehicles that run by diesel spread more pollution. That’s not true. Now a days’, C.N.G. (Compressed Natural Gas) is using for many vehicles. That is one of the solutions of air pollution in the environment. zc

Finger Print Identification Machine

Finger Print matching machine, a revolutionary invention:

In modern world finger is a very important organ for science. Now and then finger can easily guess the culprits behind any mystery. From robbery to theft, from murder to suicide, fingerprint is beyond compare. The system which done this work is known as ‘VERID’ system. Its function is to match finger print of people. Actually it is a machine. It can remember finger print, can identify and match finger prints. We use access code in occasions for our computers. That means whenever we start computer we have to put any number or name as a key to access computer. There is also card system in many computers.  You have to enter card to access that computer. You can use this VERID system in those computers, which can secure your computer more. Only your finger can start your computer and you can avoid hazards of remembering access code.

VERID MACHINE

The Machine:

There is no need of any types of system software change issues if you want to use VERID system. No requirement to do extra ordinary something. Just buy and fix this 165 mm length, 160 mm breadth and 60 mm high machine at proper place. The seller will guide you and fix the machine at suitable place. The machine is all within itself, not need any outside help. It has its own micro-processor and software. The machine can identify and remember more or less five thousand finger prints. The persons who have card, they would first enter their card or put access code if applicable. Then he has to keep his finger on VERID system reader. The system will check the finger print. The process which uses to match finger print is known as Auto Correlation. The advantage of this system is that it can match full finger print. If you worry about computer memory, don’t worry. It only takes 60 bytes memory of your computer for each finger print. It is also helpful to store finger print inside one track of magnetic stripe card.

Finger Prints:

Generally two finger prints of two different hands like to be stored inside the magnetic card. This is good because if you unable to use a finger or hand due to injury or something else, you can use another finger to access your computer. If you need your finger print identification mark some other places, you can scan all the necessary finger prints and downloads all finger prints to such places where you wants. For doing this, you need a small computer or respecting network, which are available in the market.

In Investigation:

A Finger Print

You can notice in various Television shows or detective movies finger prints are used to identify the criminals. Not only movies or T.V. shows the process is same in real life. A word would show as ‘unmatched’ or ‘matched’. If showed ‘matched’, after keep finger on reader machine, means this person’s finger prints is identified. Not all that case the person is accused but must give some sort of information which helps to solve the case. Actually, the invention of this ‘VERID’ machine has changed the path of investigation and makes investigation rather easy and unique.