Know About the Moon

What is Moon:

The Moon looks from the Earth

The Moon:

The moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth. Its age is same as the Earth’s age, almost 4.6 billion years. But the satellite is different from others. As the size of other satellites are 1/8^th part of their own planets, where size of the Moon is very big in compare to others.  Size of it is 1/4^th part of the Earth.  Diameter of the Moon is 3475 km and diameter of the Earth is 12700 km. But its surface area is half of the Atlantic Ocean. Because of that, its gravitation force is 1/6^th of the Earth’s gravitation attraction. The orbit of the Moon is not circular, rather elliptical. The highest distance from the Earth is approximately 406000 km and the lowest is approximately 364000 km. The revolution time of the Moon around the Earth is 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes and 12 seconds. We always see only one side of the Moon from the earth.

Inside the Moon:

The front of the satellite looks bright with some black spots. The brighter portion is the mountains, hills and high places which are lighted by the Sunlight. The dull portion is low positions of the surface. It was thought the low positions are ‘Maria’ or sea and given names basis of that but it is almost clear today that there is no water in the Moon, if any, that in form of ice. There are many hills in the Moon. The highest pick is suppose to higher than Mt. Everest, that situated near to southern part in the Moon. The height of it is 10660 meter.

One of the noted characteristic of the Moon is its lots of vacuoles which are mostly circular in shape. The diameters of those are between 1000 km to 1 km. The source of those vacuoles is the fall of the meteors on the surface of the Moon for a long period of time.

On the Moon Soil

Its Gravity:

Gravitation force of the Moon is very poor. For that reason, there are no gases or atmosphere. As per astronomers, there are no less of peculiar incidents in the Moon. There are no evening twilight or dusk, morning appears suddenly, because when the Sun rises there are no air to show the rising glory. There is no sound as there is no medium of air which need for sound wave.  The temperature of the Moon is extreme. AT day time, it rises to 100°C and at night it becomes -180°C.

The Moon and Tide:

The Sun and the Moon both are responsible for tide in the earth. The Moon is nearer to the earth than the Sun. So the influence of the Moonlight is more effective than the Sunlight. The Moonlight takes 1.3 seconds to appear on the earth where the Sunlight takes 8 minutes and sixteen seconds. For this distance, the ratio of the strength of tide due to the Sun and the Moon is 11:5.

Research on the Moon:

As per report there are lots of stones in the Moon, the stones are dry and no sign of water on those. There are no sign of any type of organic substance on the stones. There are no symbols of volatile elements, like – Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine, Lead, Mercury etc.  But in the earth these elements are common in an igneous rock. As per experts, there may be water in form of ice crystals in the Moon. And if any water exists it, may be some life also. Though it is not clear. The search on the Moon is still in progress and we are waiting to know mystery of the Moon in future.

 

 

 

Is there any Water in the Moon

Is there any Water in the Moon

How the Mission Started:

An Astronomer on the soil of the Moon

There are no ends of curiosity about the Moon. Out of this curiosity many Space Ships had send to the Moon from the soil of Earth. The journey had started in 1959 when Russian Space Craft, Luna 2 first landed on the Moon soil. Three years later U.S.A had sent their Spacecraft, Ranger 4 to the Moon. Before that, in 1957, Laika was the first animal sent to orbit for experimenting. It was a dog, though the mission was unsuccessful but it gives confidence to launch further space missions into the orbit to Russian Astronomers. Sputnik 1 was the name of that space flight. By the way, Yuri Gagarin of Russia was the person who went to the outer space by the Space Craft, Vostok, in 1961. Then the Americans came to the picture and send their first ever Space Craft, Pioneer 0 in 1958, but it failed. It was another cool battle between two power houses of that age. In the year of 1969, NASA planned to send three persons into the Moon by their Space Ship, Apollo 1.

The United States' Flag on the Moon

It was a great success. The Ship contained three gentlemen. Neil Armstrong was the first person who first landed on the soil of the Moon, then Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins. They had infixed the flag of the United States of America on the soil of the Moon. Then other countries also joined on that mission to find the mystery of the Moon. Americans and Russians also send more Space Ships to the Moon. Sometimes, astronomers lost their lives as the Space Ships were gone out of control. But still today human beings are crazy to go the Moon.

Chance of Water in the Moon:

After several mission to the Moon there are lots of questions whose answers is still in mystery. But the million dollars question is ‘Is there any water in the Moon?’ In the year of 1961, few scientists theoretically said about the possibility of water in the Moon. Their logic were, as the Sunlight never spread more than 1.6 degrees at the Equatorial area of the Moon, there would be some vacuoles that cannot get any Sunlight in any circumstances. Such vacuoles’ temperature must be very low, around -230 degrees Celsius or 40 Kelvin. So there would be ice that cannot be changed for years. So it remains ice for ever. Now scientists are using Neutron Spectroscopy process in find of water. Water is one of the most essential elements for life. So if there is water there has the possibility of life too.

What Research saying:

Space Craft on the Moon Soil

Neutron can be divided into groups according to their strength. Different types of Neutron react differently with other things. Scientists did the experiments that how a Neutron behaves with dry soil and wet soil of the Moon and observe that there would be water. Neutron of Prospector and Spectrometer can discover layer of ice down to half meter beneath the soil.  Scientists’ idea is that there is water in form of ice beneath the soil, down to 2 meter for millions of years. The Prospector has given search of billions metric ton ice in the Moon. There is ice at the two extreme points of the Moon. Ice is found at Southern region, at Aitken Basin as well as at Northern region. The water is in form of crystal, crystal of ice. As per scientists’ guess, there are the places in two poles with covering area of five thousand to fifty thousand square kilometres that have water, in ice form.

 

What is Internet?                                       

Everybody in the modern world more or less depend on internet. Originally the question arises, what is ‘Internet’? It is nothing but a network. We can call the network is the father of all networks. In international world, millions of university, research and business institutions join together by computer through this network. Former vice president of The United States of America (under Bill Clinton Government) Mr. Al Gore gave a name to it – ‘Information superhighway’.
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How it started:

The starting of internet happened in 1969, by the ARPANET (consider the first internet protocol network) which is the packet switching network of the defence in The United States. In the later eighty of twenty century, the network became the modem of information between the research teams. Though it started in U.S.A, its journey went on and covered the whole world today. There is no civilised country or state that is not a part of it today. Internet is everywhere. In the year of 1993, internet had opened for business purposes. Within few months, millions of new members joined to it. Now there are more than fifty thousands of computer join together to form the ‘Information superhighway’. These computers are chained together by the network.  It means millions of persons using this network. The most satisfying thing about this network is that there is no boss or no coordinator. So, one can do work according to his preference.

How can we get internet:

For joining internet you just need few things. First to fall, need a computer or a supported mobile phone, need telecommunications software and internet service provider and a modem; In the main network of internet, wires are join together one to another computer. Every computer of this system is called ‘Backbone’. Other computers are joined to a ‘Backbone’ computer. Many other computers are joined to those computers. Same process is going on and on. It looks like a family tree. The youngest member of this family tree is the internet user.  We can call the internet users as client. Because, the user has to spend some money to avail the internet; other side, the person who give service to users is a server. If one wants to join directly to the internet, he needs to have instruments for this and lots of money. But if one gets this service from an Internet Service Provider, these expenses are become cheaper and within the reach.

Advantages of Internet:

The facilities that we get from internet are priceless.  Each of the information seems to be in hand through internet. It’s actually a world within the world. Modern day technology vastly depends on internet. By this, we can send messages through e-mail or do voice chat with friends who live far from us. There are facility like of Facebook , the social networking site which helps to communicate and share our thinking to other people. Internet also gives freedom to us to share our feelings. It provides us opportunity to collect and store files by the help of ‘File Transfer Protocol’. We can download and listens songs or watch videos by internet. We can download pictures too. Even online events and movies can be seen by this. And the last but not least it provides us lots of information of the world by a single click only from almost anywhere in the world. 

For Windows 8 Devices,need few Apps.

Necessary Applications for Windows 8 Devices:

Only two and half years ago, in 2012, in the month of October, Microsoft Company had released Windows 8, the personal operating system for all. The main feature of this operating system is to give more experience to tablets. Now it is a part of iOS and Android. The system need touch screen facility for mobiles.   Windows 8 provides more friendly integration rest of mobliles from Microsoft and others in sense of online services.

Consumers who would buy Smart phones that run by Windows 8 Operating system, they may think about few applications that could useful for the phone. As per technology based experts, a widows 8 device user need application likes of- Skype, Translator, VLC, Flip Board, News Bento, Drop Box, Wikipedia, Fresh Paint, Adobo Photoshop etc. Now we would discus functions of these applications.

Skype:

Skype is used for video chat and messaging without spending any cost. Windows 8 system is suitable to get advantages of Skype. One can create his account and communicate with his friends and relatives by this. Now SkypeTranslator included to it. With this facility anyone can translate words from one language to another language. The advantage is now for Spanish to English but in near future 45 more languages will be part of this.  

Translator:

Another free application for Widows 8 system is Microsoft Bing run Translator. This application would help you to translate different languages at the time of travelling from one place to another. This application supported 40 languages.

Flipboard:

Flipboard is another application which is very useful with Windows 8 devices. This is popular social media application. One can browse Twitter or Facebook by this application. Its Live Style helps to read News Feed by the device.

VLC:

VLC player is used to run music and video files without spending any cost. VLC player is ideal as its media play back application for running different types of media files.

Dropbox:

Users who would use Desktop Computers by using Windows 8 Operating System, for them Dropbox is very good while one working. By this application one can go to every Dropbox file and do as per requirements. Besides, uploading or sharing anything can be done by using this application. In Smartphone, it would help to save empty places for storing information.

Wikipedia:

It is always easy to go home page of Wikipedia website. But if you install ‘Wikipedia’ application you can get lots of information from your home screen. This application acts tremendously on touch screen phones. Just like Wikipedia page, we can get feature article as well as recent news and updating information by this application.  

Fresh Paint:

Painting programmes are very much part of computer for a long time. Presently painting is using largely in touch screen phones. For touch screen devices, Fresh Paint is an important application to do painting related work. Even children can use this easily. Fresh Paint application tools are very useful to draw a picture as wishes.

Abode Photoshop:  

Previously, Abode Photoshop was the part of only iOS and Android system devices. Now, inclusion of this application makes Windows 8 devices more effective. It would give you opportunity to do picture direction as per your wish. The application works fabulous for touch friendly operating system of Microsoft.  

Voice Search by Different Languages

What is Voice Search:

Voice Search is a special feature of Google Search Engine. You would not require any typing here. Just says what you want and would get the result instantly whether you are sitting or standing. Many say this technology will soon be used in large quantity in near future. You have to speak allowed and tab the mike to avail this opportunity. This would be used in Android, Google Chrome and Google apps for iPhones Operating System (I.O.S.).  or Mobile Operating System. The technology is powered by Google’s Knowledge Graph. For an example – if you say ‘India’ or a question like ‘What is telescope’, you get the answers spoken back instantly.

Voice Search for Indian Languages:

Now the users of popular search engine of Google can search answers by using his/her voice only. This voice search can be done with Indian domestic languages, like of Hindi, Marathi, Tamil or Bengali and many more. Before that, one can search information by using English language only in this part of the world. Google already take initiative with association of Indian technological research institution, 'Centre for Development of Advanced Computing', shortly C.D.A.C. If everything goes right the step will come to appear during this year.

Aim of Google team:

As reported, according to director of Google India had said there are near about 200 millions people in the country who are using internet. Added to it, he said the number of internet users in India rising every month by the rate of 5 millions. The new users mostly prefer to use mobile phone or tabs for internet searching. Many of people want to use internet but due to language problems they would not able do so. It can be changed by introduction of domestic languages largely. Google programmers are well aware of this situation and decide to introduce new voice preferences to overcome from that problem. As per report it is said that if the internet users in India rising by this rate, it will only take one to one and half years to beat United States’ in terms of internet users. There are already set up an institution in India for using Indian local languages more easily through internet. The name of it - ' Indian Language Internet Alliance (I.L.I.A.)'.This institution would work for awareness of Indian languages online. As per ILIA they are aiming to join 300 millions internet users of different Indian languages by 2017. They have planned to make contents for the people who will join internet through Smart phones. Google not only thinking about Indian languages, they also said that same will be done for the people who speak other languages around the world.

According to senior vice president of Google Search, it is not an institution, that would work for English language only, they will aiming to do work with different mother tongue of many countries of the world. The programmers of Google are continuously trying the level best of them to providing the improved local languages to the internet users from time to time. The said inclusion of voice search is the part of that.

Astronomy and Telescopes

Invention of Telescope:

Great astronomer come philosopher Galileo Galilei is called ‘The Father of Modern Astronomy’. As per history, it is known that around the year 1608-9 Galileo first got the news of Netherlands’ scientist Hans Lippershey’s telescope. Galileo developed that telescope and made same type of instrument. The invented instrument could give almost thirty times closer picture of any object. He gave a name to it, ‘Refractor Telescope. This brought revolution in Optical Astronomy indeed. The instrument made by Galileo recognised the very first complete telescope in the world.  The maker of the telescope used it in many ways and invented some excellent inventions. He invented that the outer portion of the Moon is uneven.  He also saw that ‘Pleiades’ is the sum of more than forty stars. Added to that, he invented four satellites of the Jupiter and the ‘Sunspots’ (the dark spots on the Sun) in the sky.

Reflector Telescope:

In 1668, Sir Issec Newton made a new instrument and gave a name to it, ‘Reflector Telescope’. ‘Refractor Telescope’ designed to do light reflection by big optical lenses.  Other side ‘Reflector Telescope’ has contained a big curve mirror. Modern day two type of telescope are used in circumstances. Later a new instrument had invented, known as ‘Optical Telescope’. This telescope has more advantage than the past one.

Radio Astronomy:

There is a new type of Astronomy which stared in peculiar fashion. It was in 1931,  a Radio engineer Mr. Karl Jansky was working in Bell Telephone Laboratory, in U.S.A. Suddenly, he had observed an incident - there were a continues radiation from the sky. Amusingly, many great astronomers of that age never gave enough attention to this fact. Mr. Grote Reber, an unprofessional radio operator was the first who shown curiosity to this incident. He himself took initiative and started experiments on this issue. After six years of research his relentless try come to conclusion. He gave description and observation of radiation from the sky. In 1937, he had invented the first Radio Telescope. The telescope was near about 9.58 meter or 31 feet and 5 inch parabolic dish. He set up this instrument at the backside lawn of his home. In the year of 1940, he invented the first Universal Radio Map. That period a new branch included to Astronomy, the ‘Radio Astronomy’.

The Radio Astronomy resembles with the Optical Astronomy in many ways. In Radio Telescope, there is metal reflector and an antenna. This metal reflector store wireless radiation and centralised in the antenna. The antenna can be specified at any frequency.  A sensitive radio capturing instrument or radio receiver captures radiation from the antenna and records it.

Today’s  Satellite Technology:

From the early sixty’s of twentieth century onwards, the satellite based technology and its workmen took remarkable role to reveal the truth of the Astronomy. Before the satellite technology, all the research started from the soil of earth. Now thanks to the development of technology, human beings can do their research beyond the earth’s atmosphere.  Now observation on other stars and planets can be done more easily. So, now research on Astronomy is being processed in two ways- one is from the earth and other from the satellite that stay in the sky.